Apheresis and Plasma Collection

Fundamentals of Apheresis

Apheresis is a medical procedure where whole blood is separated into its components. These components include red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma. One or more of these components are selectively removed, and the remaining components are returned to the donor or patient. Apheresis techniques allow for the collection of a specific blood component in greater quantities than traditional whole blood donation.

Plasma Composition and Uses

Plasma, the liquid component of blood, contains water, salts, enzymes, antibodies, and other proteins. Collected plasma is used in various medical applications, including treating burn victims, trauma patients, individuals with clotting disorders, and those with immune deficiencies. Plasma derivatives are manufactured into life-saving medications.

The Plasmapheresis Process

Plasmapheresis, the specific type of apheresis focused on plasma collection, involves using a specialized machine that separates plasma from other blood components. Blood is drawn from a vein in one arm, circulated through the machine for separation, and then the remaining blood components (red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets) are returned to the donor through a vein in the other arm, often along with a saline solution to maintain blood volume. Single-needle procedures are also possible.

Donor Eligibility and Screening

Potential plasma donors undergo a screening process to determine their eligibility. This process typically includes a medical history review, a physical examination, and blood tests to check for infectious diseases and protein levels. Factors considered include age, weight, overall health, and medication use. Regular donors are routinely monitored.

Venous Access and Catheterization

Venous access is crucial for efficient and safe plasmapheresis. Peripheral veins in the arms are commonly used. In some cases, particularly for patients requiring frequent or prolonged apheresis, a central venous catheter may be inserted. Proper insertion and maintenance techniques are essential to minimize complications.

Potential Risks and Side Effects

While generally safe, plasmapheresis carries some risks. Common side effects include mild discomfort, bruising at the insertion site, and lightheadedness. More serious, but less frequent, complications can include allergic reactions, citrate toxicity (causing tingling sensations), and infection. Qualified medical personnel closely monitor donors or patients throughout the procedure to manage any potential adverse reactions.

Post-Procedure Care

Following the plasmapheresis procedure, donors or patients are typically monitored for a short period. It is recommended to drink plenty of fluids and avoid strenuous activity for several hours. Specific instructions regarding wound care and potential signs of complications are provided.